i
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The structures of uncertainty
Abstract
The article reflects on the presuppositions and consequences of the concept of performativity (understood as the involvement of the observer in the objects and projects he/she describes). The paper proposes a wider notion of performativity concerning not only theory but also extended to the entire economy, which observes itself in all its operations. This conception has the advantage of being connected with critical approaches inside economics, which highlight the central role of uncertainty and surprise. It can explain how and why performativity turns into counter-performativity and how financial operators exploit uncertainty when orienting their behavior, expecting, and using the unpredictability of the future.Keywords:
Performativity, Second order observation, Uncertainty, Risk, DerivativesReferences
Akerlof, G. A. (1970). The market for ‘lemons’: quality uncertainty and the market mechanism. The Quarterly Journal of Economics 84(4), 488–500. [Reimpreso en: An economic theorist’ s book of tales (pp. 7- 22). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984.]
Arnoldi, J. (2004). Derivatives: virtual values and real risks. Theory, Culture & Society 2(6), 23–42.
Austin, J. L. (1962). How to do things with words. London: Oxford University Press.
Baecker, D. (1988). Information und Risiko in der Marktwirtschaft. Frankfurt aM: Suhrkamp.
Beck, U. (1986). Die Risikogesellschaft: Auf dem Weg in eine andere Moderne. Frankfurt aM: Suhrkamp.
Berger, P. L. & Luckmann, T. (1967). The social construction of reality: a treatise in the sociology of knowledge. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.
Beunza, D. & Garud, R. (2007). Calculators, Lemmings or frame-makers? The intermediary role or securities analysts. In: M. Callon, Y. Millo & F. Muniesa (eds.), Market devices (pp. 13–39). Oxford: Blackwell.
Black, F. & Scholes, M. (1973). The pricing of options and corporate liabilities. Journal of Political Economy 81(3), 637–654.
Blaug, M. (1980). The methodology of economics, or how economists explain. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bourdieu, P. Passeron, J. C. & Chamboredon, J. C. (1968). Le Métier de sociologue. Paris: Mouton-Bordas.
Bryan, D. & Rafferty, M. (2007). Financial derivatives and the theory of money. Economy and Society 36(1), 134–158.
Çalışkan, K. & Callon, M. (2009). Economization, part 1: shifting attention from the economy towards processes of economization. Economy and Society 38(3), 369–398.
Callon, M. (1998). Introduction: the embeddedness of economic markets in economics. In: M. Callon (ed.), The laws of the market (pp. 1–57). Oxford: Blackwell.
Callon, M. (2005). Why virtualism paves the way to political impotence: a reply to Daniel Miller’s Critique of the laws of the markets. Economic Sociology Newsletter 6(2), 3–20.
Callon, M. (2007). What does it mean to say that economics is performative? In: D. MacKenzie, F. Muniesa & L. Siu (eds.), Do economists make markets? (pp. 311–357). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Callon, M., Millo, Y., & Muniesa, F. (eds.) (2007). Market devices. Oxford: Blackwell.
Chiapello, E. (2008). Accounting at the heart of the performativity of economics. European Sociology Newsletter 10(1), 12–15.
Clark, N. & Juma, C. (1987). Long-run economics. London: Pinter.
Cohen, T. (1973). Illocutions and perlocutions. Foundations of Language 9(4), 492–503.
Colombo, A. et al. (2006). Investire con le opzioni. Milano: Il Sole 24 Ore.
Davidson, P. (1978). Money and the real world. London: Macmillan.
Elster, J. (2007). Explaining social behavior: more nuts and bolts for the social sciences. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Esposito, E. (2005). Meccanismi divinatori nei mercati finanziari. Rassegna Italiana di Sociologia 2005(1), 95–124.
Esposito, E. (2007). Die Fiktion der wahrscheinlichen Realität. Frankfurt aM: Suhrkamp.
Esposito, E. (2011). The future of futures: the time of money in financing and society. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
Esposito, E. (2013). Theory crisis and the necessity of theory: the dilemmas of sociology. In: H. Corvellec (ed.), What is theory? Answers from the social and cultural sciences. Copenhagen: Liber.
Fama, E.F. (1970). Efficient capital markets: a review of theory and empirical work. Journal of Finance 25(2), 383–341.
Fligstein, N. (2001). The architecture of markets: an economic sociology of twenty-first-century capitalist societies. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Foerster, H. von (1981). Observing systems. Seaside (Cal.): Intersystems Publications.
Gintis, H. (2009). Game theory evolving: a problem-centered introduction to modeling strategic interaction. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Granovetter, M. (1985). Economic action and social structure: the problem of embeddedness. American Journal of Sociology 91(3), 481–510.
Grice, P. (1975). Logic and conversation. In: P. Cole & J.L. Morgan (eds.), Syntax and semantics: speech acts (pp. 41–58). New York/London: Academic Press.
Grossman, S.J. (1976). On the efficiency of competitive stock markets where traders have diverse information. Journal of Finance 31(2), 573–585.
Grossman, S.J. (1989). The informational role of prices. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
Grossman, S.J. & Stiglitz, J.E. (1980). On the impossibility of informationally efficient markets. American Economic Review 70(3), 393–408.
Hayek, F.A. von (1937). Economics and knowledge. Economica 4, 33–54. [Reimpreso en: Individualism and Economic Order (pp. 33–56). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, [1948]
Heilbroner, R. & Milberg, W. (1995). The crisis of vision in modern economic thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hicks, J. (1979). Causality in economics. Oxford: Blackwell.
Holzer, B. & Schmidt, J.F.K. (eds.) (2009). Theorie der Netzwerke oder Netzwerk-Theorie? Stuttgart: Lucius & Lucius.
Horkheimer, M. (1937). Traditionelle und kritische Theorie. Zeitschrift für Sozialforschung 6(1). [Reimpreso en: Traditionelle und kritische Theorie: Fünf Aufsätze (pp. 205- 59). Frankfurt aM: Fischer, 2005.]
Hull, J. C. (1997). Options, futures, and other derivatives. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Kahneman, D., Slovic, P., & Tversky, A. (eds.) (1982). Judgement under uncertainty: heuristics and biases. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Keynes, J.M. (1973[1936]). The general theory of employment, interest, and money. London: Macmillan.
Knight, F.H. (1921). Risk, uncertainty, and profit. London: London School of Economics and Political Science.
Knorr-Cetina, K. & Mulkay, M. (1983). Science observed: perspectives on the social study of science. London: Sage.
Latour, B. (1987). Science in action: how to follow scientists and engineers through society. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Latour, B. & Woolgar, S. (1979). Laboratory life: the social construction of scientific facts. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
LiPuma, E. & Lee, B. (2005). Financial derivatives and the rise of circulation. Economy and Society 34(3), 404–427.
Lo, A.W. & MacKinlay, C. (1999). A non-random walk down Wall Street. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Uni-versity Press.
Luhmann, N. (1988). De Wirtschaft der Gesellschaft. Frankfurt aM: Suhrkamp.
Luhmann, N. (1991). Soziologie des Risikos. Berlin/New York: de Gruyter.
Luhmann, N. (1992). Kontingenz als Eigenwert der modernen Gesellschaft. In: Beobachtungen der Moderne (pp. 93- 128). Opladen: Westdeutscher.
Luhmann, N. (1997). Die Gesellschaft der Gesellschaft. Frankfurt aM: Suhrkamp.
MacKenzie, D. (2006). An engine, not a camera: how financial models shape markets. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
MacKenzie, D. (2007a). The material production of virtuality: innovation, cultural geography, and facticity in derivative markets. Economy and Society 36(3), 355–376.
MacKenzie, D. (2007b). Is economics performative? Option theory and the construction of derivatives markets. In: D. McKenzie, F. Muniesa, & L. Siu (eds.), Do economists make markets? (pp. 54–86). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
MacKenzie, D. (2009). Material markets: how economic agents are constructed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
MacKenzie, D. & Millo, Y. (2003). Constructing a market, performing theory: the historical sociology of a financial derivatives exchange. American Journal of Sociology 109(1), 107–145.
MacKenzie, D., Muniesa, F., & Siu, L. (eds.) (2007). Do economists make markets? Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Malkiel, B. (1999). A random walk down Wall Street. New York: Norton.
Mandelbrot, B. & Hudson, R. L. (2004). The (mis)behavior of markets: a fractal view of risk, ruin, and reward. New York: Basic Books.
Maturana, H. & Varela, F. (1988). The tree of knowledge: the biological roots of human understanding. Boston, MA/London: New Science Library.
Maurer, B. (2002). Repressed futures: financial derivatives theological unconscious. Economy and Society 31(1), 15–36.
Merton, R.K. (1936). The unanticipated consequenc-es of purposive social action. American Sociological Review 1(6), 894–904.
Millman, G.J. (1995). The vandals’ crown. New York: The Free Press.
Motterlini, M. (2006). Economia emotiva: Che cosa si nasconde dietro i nostri conti quotidiani. Milano: Rizzoli.
Muniesa, F. & Callon, M. (2007). Economic experiments and the construction of markets. In: D. MacKenzie, F. Muniesa, & L. Siu (eds.), Do economists make markets? (pp. 163–189). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Musner, L. & Uhl, H. (Eds.) (2006). Wie wir uns Aufführen: Performanz als Thema der Kulturwissenschaften. Wien: Löcker.
Preda, A. (2007). Where do analysts come from? The case of financial Chartism. In: M. Callon, Y. Millo, & F. Muniesa (eds.), Market devices (pp. 40–64). Oxford: Blackwell.
Pryke, M. & Allen, J. (2000). Monetized time-space: derivatives - money’s ‘new imaginary’? Economy and Society 29(2), 264–284.
Rebonato, R. (2001). Managing model risk. In: C. Alexander (ed.), Mastering risk, Vol. 2, Applica-tions (pp. 82–115). London: Financial Times/Prentice Hall.
Rizzo, M.J. (1979). Disequilibrium and all that: an introductory essay. In: M.J. Rizzo (ed.), Time, uncertainty, and disequilibrium (pp. 1–18). Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath.
Searle, J.R. (1969). Speech acts: an essay in the philosophy of language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Shackle, G.L.S. (1955). Uncertainty in economics and other reflections. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Shackle, G.L.S. (1972). Epistemic & economics: a critique of economic doctrines. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Shackle, G.L.S. (1988). Business, time and thought. London: Macmillan.
Shackle, G.L.S. (1990). Time, expectations, and uncertainty in economics. Aldershot: Edward Elgar.
Sinclair, T. J. (2010). Credit rating agencies and the global financial crisis. Economic Sociology Newsletter 12, 4–9.
Smelser, N.J. & Swedberg, R. (eds.) (1994). The handbook of economic sociology. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Snowdon, B., Vane, H., & Wynarczyk, P. (1994). A modern guide to macroeconomics: an introduction to competing schools of thought. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
Soros, G. (1987). The alchemy of finance: reading the mind of the market. New York: Wiley.
Spencer-Brown, G. (1972) Laws of form. New York: Julian Press.
Stigler, G. (1961). The economics of information. Journal of Political Economy 69(3), 213–225.
Stiglitz, J.E. (1985). Information and economic analysis: a perspective. Economic Journal 95, 21–41.
Stiglitz, J.E. (2003). Information and the change in the paradigm in economics. In: R. Arnott, B. Greenwald, R. Kanbu, & B. Nalebuff (eds), Economics in an imperfect world: essays in honor of Joseph E. Stiglitz (pp. 569–639). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Swan, E.J. (2000). Building the global market: a 4000-year history of derivatives. The Hague/London/Boston, MA: Kluwer.
Swedberg, R. (1990). Economics and sociology. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
White, H.C. (1981). Where do markets come from? American Journal of Sociology 87(3), 517–547.
Wirth, U. (Ed.) (2002). Performanz: Zwischen Sprachphilosophie und Kulturwissenschaften. Frankfurt aM: Suhrkamp.
Zamagni, S. (1982). Introduzione. In: S. Zamagni (ed.), Saggi di filosofia della scienza economica (pp. 9–13). Roma: La Nuova Italia Scientifica.
Arnoldi, J. (2004). Derivatives: virtual values and real risks. Theory, Culture & Society 2(6), 23–42.
Austin, J. L. (1962). How to do things with words. London: Oxford University Press.
Baecker, D. (1988). Information und Risiko in der Marktwirtschaft. Frankfurt aM: Suhrkamp.
Beck, U. (1986). Die Risikogesellschaft: Auf dem Weg in eine andere Moderne. Frankfurt aM: Suhrkamp.
Berger, P. L. & Luckmann, T. (1967). The social construction of reality: a treatise in the sociology of knowledge. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.
Beunza, D. & Garud, R. (2007). Calculators, Lemmings or frame-makers? The intermediary role or securities analysts. In: M. Callon, Y. Millo & F. Muniesa (eds.), Market devices (pp. 13–39). Oxford: Blackwell.
Black, F. & Scholes, M. (1973). The pricing of options and corporate liabilities. Journal of Political Economy 81(3), 637–654.
Blaug, M. (1980). The methodology of economics, or how economists explain. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bourdieu, P. Passeron, J. C. & Chamboredon, J. C. (1968). Le Métier de sociologue. Paris: Mouton-Bordas.
Bryan, D. & Rafferty, M. (2007). Financial derivatives and the theory of money. Economy and Society 36(1), 134–158.
Çalışkan, K. & Callon, M. (2009). Economization, part 1: shifting attention from the economy towards processes of economization. Economy and Society 38(3), 369–398.
Callon, M. (1998). Introduction: the embeddedness of economic markets in economics. In: M. Callon (ed.), The laws of the market (pp. 1–57). Oxford: Blackwell.
Callon, M. (2005). Why virtualism paves the way to political impotence: a reply to Daniel Miller’s Critique of the laws of the markets. Economic Sociology Newsletter 6(2), 3–20.
Callon, M. (2007). What does it mean to say that economics is performative? In: D. MacKenzie, F. Muniesa & L. Siu (eds.), Do economists make markets? (pp. 311–357). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Callon, M., Millo, Y., & Muniesa, F. (eds.) (2007). Market devices. Oxford: Blackwell.
Chiapello, E. (2008). Accounting at the heart of the performativity of economics. European Sociology Newsletter 10(1), 12–15.
Clark, N. & Juma, C. (1987). Long-run economics. London: Pinter.
Cohen, T. (1973). Illocutions and perlocutions. Foundations of Language 9(4), 492–503.
Colombo, A. et al. (2006). Investire con le opzioni. Milano: Il Sole 24 Ore.
Davidson, P. (1978). Money and the real world. London: Macmillan.
Elster, J. (2007). Explaining social behavior: more nuts and bolts for the social sciences. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Esposito, E. (2005). Meccanismi divinatori nei mercati finanziari. Rassegna Italiana di Sociologia 2005(1), 95–124.
Esposito, E. (2007). Die Fiktion der wahrscheinlichen Realität. Frankfurt aM: Suhrkamp.
Esposito, E. (2011). The future of futures: the time of money in financing and society. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
Esposito, E. (2013). Theory crisis and the necessity of theory: the dilemmas of sociology. In: H. Corvellec (ed.), What is theory? Answers from the social and cultural sciences. Copenhagen: Liber.
Fama, E.F. (1970). Efficient capital markets: a review of theory and empirical work. Journal of Finance 25(2), 383–341.
Fligstein, N. (2001). The architecture of markets: an economic sociology of twenty-first-century capitalist societies. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Foerster, H. von (1981). Observing systems. Seaside (Cal.): Intersystems Publications.
Gintis, H. (2009). Game theory evolving: a problem-centered introduction to modeling strategic interaction. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Granovetter, M. (1985). Economic action and social structure: the problem of embeddedness. American Journal of Sociology 91(3), 481–510.
Grice, P. (1975). Logic and conversation. In: P. Cole & J.L. Morgan (eds.), Syntax and semantics: speech acts (pp. 41–58). New York/London: Academic Press.
Grossman, S.J. (1976). On the efficiency of competitive stock markets where traders have diverse information. Journal of Finance 31(2), 573–585.
Grossman, S.J. (1989). The informational role of prices. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
Grossman, S.J. & Stiglitz, J.E. (1980). On the impossibility of informationally efficient markets. American Economic Review 70(3), 393–408.
Hayek, F.A. von (1937). Economics and knowledge. Economica 4, 33–54. [Reimpreso en: Individualism and Economic Order (pp. 33–56). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, [1948]
Heilbroner, R. & Milberg, W. (1995). The crisis of vision in modern economic thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hicks, J. (1979). Causality in economics. Oxford: Blackwell.
Holzer, B. & Schmidt, J.F.K. (eds.) (2009). Theorie der Netzwerke oder Netzwerk-Theorie? Stuttgart: Lucius & Lucius.
Horkheimer, M. (1937). Traditionelle und kritische Theorie. Zeitschrift für Sozialforschung 6(1). [Reimpreso en: Traditionelle und kritische Theorie: Fünf Aufsätze (pp. 205- 59). Frankfurt aM: Fischer, 2005.]
Hull, J. C. (1997). Options, futures, and other derivatives. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Kahneman, D., Slovic, P., & Tversky, A. (eds.) (1982). Judgement under uncertainty: heuristics and biases. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Keynes, J.M. (1973[1936]). The general theory of employment, interest, and money. London: Macmillan.
Knight, F.H. (1921). Risk, uncertainty, and profit. London: London School of Economics and Political Science.
Knorr-Cetina, K. & Mulkay, M. (1983). Science observed: perspectives on the social study of science. London: Sage.
Latour, B. (1987). Science in action: how to follow scientists and engineers through society. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Latour, B. & Woolgar, S. (1979). Laboratory life: the social construction of scientific facts. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
LiPuma, E. & Lee, B. (2005). Financial derivatives and the rise of circulation. Economy and Society 34(3), 404–427.
Lo, A.W. & MacKinlay, C. (1999). A non-random walk down Wall Street. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Uni-versity Press.
Luhmann, N. (1988). De Wirtschaft der Gesellschaft. Frankfurt aM: Suhrkamp.
Luhmann, N. (1991). Soziologie des Risikos. Berlin/New York: de Gruyter.
Luhmann, N. (1992). Kontingenz als Eigenwert der modernen Gesellschaft. In: Beobachtungen der Moderne (pp. 93- 128). Opladen: Westdeutscher.
Luhmann, N. (1997). Die Gesellschaft der Gesellschaft. Frankfurt aM: Suhrkamp.
MacKenzie, D. (2006). An engine, not a camera: how financial models shape markets. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
MacKenzie, D. (2007a). The material production of virtuality: innovation, cultural geography, and facticity in derivative markets. Economy and Society 36(3), 355–376.
MacKenzie, D. (2007b). Is economics performative? Option theory and the construction of derivatives markets. In: D. McKenzie, F. Muniesa, & L. Siu (eds.), Do economists make markets? (pp. 54–86). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
MacKenzie, D. (2009). Material markets: how economic agents are constructed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
MacKenzie, D. & Millo, Y. (2003). Constructing a market, performing theory: the historical sociology of a financial derivatives exchange. American Journal of Sociology 109(1), 107–145.
MacKenzie, D., Muniesa, F., & Siu, L. (eds.) (2007). Do economists make markets? Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Malkiel, B. (1999). A random walk down Wall Street. New York: Norton.
Mandelbrot, B. & Hudson, R. L. (2004). The (mis)behavior of markets: a fractal view of risk, ruin, and reward. New York: Basic Books.
Maturana, H. & Varela, F. (1988). The tree of knowledge: the biological roots of human understanding. Boston, MA/London: New Science Library.
Maurer, B. (2002). Repressed futures: financial derivatives theological unconscious. Economy and Society 31(1), 15–36.
Merton, R.K. (1936). The unanticipated consequenc-es of purposive social action. American Sociological Review 1(6), 894–904.
Millman, G.J. (1995). The vandals’ crown. New York: The Free Press.
Motterlini, M. (2006). Economia emotiva: Che cosa si nasconde dietro i nostri conti quotidiani. Milano: Rizzoli.
Muniesa, F. & Callon, M. (2007). Economic experiments and the construction of markets. In: D. MacKenzie, F. Muniesa, & L. Siu (eds.), Do economists make markets? (pp. 163–189). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Musner, L. & Uhl, H. (Eds.) (2006). Wie wir uns Aufführen: Performanz als Thema der Kulturwissenschaften. Wien: Löcker.
Preda, A. (2007). Where do analysts come from? The case of financial Chartism. In: M. Callon, Y. Millo, & F. Muniesa (eds.), Market devices (pp. 40–64). Oxford: Blackwell.
Pryke, M. & Allen, J. (2000). Monetized time-space: derivatives - money’s ‘new imaginary’? Economy and Society 29(2), 264–284.
Rebonato, R. (2001). Managing model risk. In: C. Alexander (ed.), Mastering risk, Vol. 2, Applica-tions (pp. 82–115). London: Financial Times/Prentice Hall.
Rizzo, M.J. (1979). Disequilibrium and all that: an introductory essay. In: M.J. Rizzo (ed.), Time, uncertainty, and disequilibrium (pp. 1–18). Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath.
Searle, J.R. (1969). Speech acts: an essay in the philosophy of language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Shackle, G.L.S. (1955). Uncertainty in economics and other reflections. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Shackle, G.L.S. (1972). Epistemic & economics: a critique of economic doctrines. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Shackle, G.L.S. (1988). Business, time and thought. London: Macmillan.
Shackle, G.L.S. (1990). Time, expectations, and uncertainty in economics. Aldershot: Edward Elgar.
Sinclair, T. J. (2010). Credit rating agencies and the global financial crisis. Economic Sociology Newsletter 12, 4–9.
Smelser, N.J. & Swedberg, R. (eds.) (1994). The handbook of economic sociology. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Snowdon, B., Vane, H., & Wynarczyk, P. (1994). A modern guide to macroeconomics: an introduction to competing schools of thought. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
Soros, G. (1987). The alchemy of finance: reading the mind of the market. New York: Wiley.
Spencer-Brown, G. (1972) Laws of form. New York: Julian Press.
Stigler, G. (1961). The economics of information. Journal of Political Economy 69(3), 213–225.
Stiglitz, J.E. (1985). Information and economic analysis: a perspective. Economic Journal 95, 21–41.
Stiglitz, J.E. (2003). Information and the change in the paradigm in economics. In: R. Arnott, B. Greenwald, R. Kanbu, & B. Nalebuff (eds), Economics in an imperfect world: essays in honor of Joseph E. Stiglitz (pp. 569–639). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Swan, E.J. (2000). Building the global market: a 4000-year history of derivatives. The Hague/London/Boston, MA: Kluwer.
Swedberg, R. (1990). Economics and sociology. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
White, H.C. (1981). Where do markets come from? American Journal of Sociology 87(3), 517–547.
Wirth, U. (Ed.) (2002). Performanz: Zwischen Sprachphilosophie und Kulturwissenschaften. Frankfurt aM: Suhrkamp.
Zamagni, S. (1982). Introduzione. In: S. Zamagni (ed.), Saggi di filosofia della scienza economica (pp. 9–13). Roma: La Nuova Italia Scientifica.
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