i
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Systemic integration and the need for de-integration in pandemic times
Abstract
The paper argues, referring to systems theory, that the problem of our functionally differentiated society is not lack of integration, but rather an excess of integration. When there are difficulties in one area of society, all others are forced to make serious adjustments. In dealing with threats that come from the environment, the opportunities for rationality in society lie in the maintenance and exploitation of differences, not in their elimination. This hypothesis is discussed dealing with integration on three levels: 1) the consequences of the emergency on the relationships between different fields (or functional subsystems) of society: systemic integration; 2) the effects of the pandemic on the conditions of inclusion and exclusion of individuals in society: social integration; 3) the spread of the emergency in all regions of the world and the consequences for globalization: geographical integration.Keywords:
Social integration, Systemic integration, Pandemic, Inclusion/Exclusion, Systems theory, Globalization, Differentiation of societyReferences
Armstrong, R. (2020). Coronavirus Is a Global Crisis, not a Crisis of Globalisation. Financial Times, March 11. Retrieved from https://www.ft.com/content/5e933fce-62bb-11ea-b3f3-fe4680ea68b5
Baecker, D. (2020). Corona I: Die pulsierende Gesellschaft [Blog post]. Kultur/Reflexion, March 27. Retrieved from https://kure.hypotheses.org/839
Bechmann, G., & Hronszky, I. (2003). Expertise and Its Interfaces: The Tense Relationship of Science and Politics. Sigma.
Bilefsky, D., & Yeginsu, C. (2020). Of “Covidivorces” and “Coronababies”?: Life During a Lockdown. The New York Times, March 27. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/27/world/coronavirus-lockdown-relationships.html
Blow, C.M. (2020). Social Distancing Is a Privilege. The New York Times, April 5. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/05/opinion/coronavirus-social-distanc-ing.html
Boccardelli: (2020). Perché le catene produttive torneranno in patria. La Repubblica - Affari & Finanza, April 6: 17–18.
Bourdieu, P., Passeron, J.C., & Chamboredon, J.C. (1968). Le métier de sociologue. Mouton de Gruyter.
Buchanan, L., Patel, J.K., Rosenthal, B.M., & Singhvi, A. (2020). A Month of Coronavirus in New York City: See the Hardest-Hit Areas. The New York Times, April 1. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/04/01/nyregion/nyc-coronavirus-cases-map.html
Butler, J. (2020). Capitalism Has its Limits [Blog post]. Verso, 30 March. Retrieved from https://www.versobooks.com/blogs/4603-capitalism-has-its-limits
Canca, C. (2020). Why “Mandatory Privacy-Preserving Digital Contact Tracing” is the Ethical Measure against COVID-19 [Blog post]. Medium, April 10. Retrieved from https://medium.com/@cansuCanca/why-mandatory-privacy-preserving-digital-contact-tracing-is-the-ethical-measure-against-covid-19-a0d143b7c3b6
Coombs, N. (2020). What do Stress Tests Test? Experimentation, Demonstration, and the Sociotechnical Performance of Regulatory Science. The British Journal of Sociology 71(3), 520–536. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-4446.12739
Corsi, G., & Martini, S.R. (2018). L’ambiguità dei diritti costituzionali. Il caso della judiciali-zação da saúde in Brasile. Sociologia del diritto, 3, 29–44. https://doi.org/10.3280/SD2018-003002
Davies, W. (2020). The Last Global Crisis Didn’t Change the World. But This One Could. The Guardian, March 24. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/mar/24/coronavirus-crisis-change-world-financial-global-capitalism
Dipollina, A. (2020). Il più grande palisesto è su Instagram. La Repubblica, March 26. Retrieved from https://rep.repubblica.it/pwa/generale/2020/03/26/news/il_piu_grande_ palinsesto_e_su_instragram-252413633/
Durkheim, É. (1960). De la division du travail social (7th ed.). Presses Universitaires de France (Original work published 1893).
Eyal, G. (2019). The Crisis of Expertise. Polity Press.
Farrell, H., & Newman, A. (2020). Will the Coronavirus End Globalization as We Know It. Foreign Affairs, March 16. Retrieved from https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/2020-03-16/will-coronavirus-end-globalization-we-know-it
Fontana, S. (2020). Storia minima di 40 anni di tagli alla sanità italiana. Wired, March 12. Retrieved from https://www.wired.it/attualita/politica/2020/03/12/tagli-sanita-italia-storia/?refresh_ce=
Fraioli, L. (2020). I 100 giorni che sconvolsero il mondo. La Repubblica, April 9. Retrieved from https://rep.repubblica.it/pwa/generale/2020/04/09/news/coronavirus_100_giorni_svolta_radicale-253607549/
Friedman, T.L. (2020). Our New Historical Divide: B.C. and A.C. The World Before Corona and the World After. The New York Times, March 17. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/17/opinion/coronavirus-trends.html
Frum, D. (2020). The Coronavirus Is Demonstrating the Value of Globalization. The Atlantic, March 27. Retrieved from https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/03/dont-abandon-globalizationmake-it-better/608872/
Gelfand, M. (2020). To Survive the Coronavirus, the United States Must Tighten Up. The Boston Globe, March 13. Retrieved from https://www.bostonglobe.com/2020/03/13/opinion/survive-coronavirus-united-states-must-tighten-up/
Gopnik, A. (2020). The Coronavirus and the Importance of Giving Science the Time it Needs. The New Yorker, March 25. Retrieved from https://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/the-coronavirus-and-the-importance-of-giving-science-the-time-it-needs
Horowitz, J. (2020). In Italy, Going Back to Work May Depend on Having the Right Anti-bodies. The New York Times, April 4. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/04/world/europe/italy-coronavirus-antibodies.html
Jones, O. (2020). Coronavirus Is Not Some Great Leveller: It Is Exacerbating Inequality Right Now. The Guardian, April 9. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/apr/09/coronavirus-inequality-managers-zoom-cleaners-offices
Jones, B., & Montale, F. (2020). Italy is Sending Another Warning. The New York Times, April 7. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/07/opinion/italy-coronavirus-naples.html
Larsen, S.E. (2006). The Lisbon Earthquake and the Scientific Turn in Kant’s Philosophy. European Review 14(3), 359–367. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1062798706000366
Latour, B. (1987). Science in Action. How to Follow Scientists and Engineers through Society. Harvard University Press.
Legrain: (2020). The Coronavirus Is Killing Globalization as We Know it. Foreign Policy, March 12. Retrieved from https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/03/12/coronavirus-killing-globalization-nationalism-protectionism-trump/
Lichfield, G. (2020). We’re Not Going Back to Normal. MIT Technology Review, March 17. Retrieved from https://www.technologyreview.com/s/615370/coronavirus-pandemic-so-cial-distancing-18-months/
Lipsitch, M. (2020). Who Is Immune to the Coronavirus? The New York Times, April 13. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/13/opinion/coronavirus-immuni-ty.html
Luhmann, N. (1984). Soziale Systeme. Suhrkamp.
Luhmann, N. (1990). Der medizinische Code. In: Soziologische Aufklärung 5: Konstruktivistische Perspektiven (pp. 183–195). Opladen: Westdeutscher.
Luhmann, N. (1991). Soziologie des Risikos. De Gruyter.
Luhmann, N. (1992). Beobachtungen der Moderne. Westdeutscher.
Luhmann, N. (1997). Die Gesellschaft der Gesellschaft. Suhrkamp.
Luhmann, N. (2000). Organisation und Entscheidung. Westdeutscher.
Markoff, J. (2020). You Can’t Spell Creative Without A.I. The New York Times, April 8. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/08/technology/ai-creative-software-language.html
Mayhew, F. (2020). News Publishers Hit New Online Records with Coronavirus Coverage. PressGazette, April 7. Retrieved from https://www.pressgazette.co.uk/ft-and-reach-titles-hit-new-online-records-with-coronavirus-coverage/
McCoy, D. (2020). Scientists Can Model This Pandemic, but Politicians Must Take the Decisions. The Guardian, April 10. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/apr/10/modelling-pandemic-politicians-decisions-science
Miller, C. (2020). What Was the Last Time an Economy Froze Like This? Lessons for today from the collapse of the Soviet Union. The New York Times, April 9. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/09/opinion/coronavirus-global-economy.html
Mozur, P., Zhong, R., & Krolik, A. (2020). In Coronavirus Fight, China Gives Citizens a Color Code, With Red Flags. The New York Times, March 1. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/01/business/china-coronavirus-surveillance.html
Nancy, J.-L. (2020). A Much Too Human Virus. European Journal of Psychoanalysis, March. Retrieved from https://www.journal-psychoanalysis.eu/coronavirus-and-philosophers/
Nicas, J., & Wakabayashi, D. (2020). Apple and Google Team Up to “Contact Trace” the Coronavirus. The New York Times, April 16. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/10/technology/apple-google-coronavirus-contact-tracing.html
Olivarius, K. (2019). Immunity, Capital, and Power in Antebellum New Orleans. The American Historical Review 124(2), 425–455. https://doi.org/10.1093/ahr/rhz176
Parsons, T. (1977). Social Systems and the Evolution of Action Theory. Free Press.
Perednia, D.A. (2020). How Medical “Chickenpox Parties” Could Turn The Tide Of The Wuhan Virus. The Federalist, March 25. Retrieved from https://thefederalist.com/2020/03/25/how-medical-chickenpox-parties-could-turn-the-tide-of-the-wuhan-virus/
Recke, M. (2020). Globalisation and the Coronavirus Crisis [Blog post]. Next. Retrieved from https://nextconf.eu/2020/02/globalisation-and-the-coronavirus-crisis/#gref
Roberts, A. (2020). How Globalization Came to the Brink of Collapse. Barron’s, April 2. Retrieved from https://www.barrons.com/articles/how-globalization-came-to-the-brink-of-collapse-51585865909
Roberts, S. (2020). Embracing the Uncertainties. The New York Times, April 7. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/07/science/coronavirus-uncertainty-scientific-trust.html
Scheidel, W. (2018). The Great Leveler: Violence and the History of Inequality from the Stone Age to the Twenty-First Century. Princeton University Press.
Scholz, V. (2020). Feiern bis der Arzt kommt. Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, March 19. Retrieved from https://www.faz.net/aktuell/gesellschaft/gesundheit/coronavirus/virologe-warnt-vor-corona-partys-feiern-trotz-pandemie-16685265.html
Sharma, R. (2020). Some Countries Face an Awful Question: Death by Coronavirus or by Hunger? The New York Times, April 12. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/12/opinion/coronavirus-poverty.html
Stark, D. (2014). On Resilience. Social Sciences 3(1), 60–70. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci3010060
Stark, D. (2020). Testing and Being Tested in Pandemic Times. Sociologica 14(1), 67–94. https://doi.org/10.6092/issn.1971-8853/10931
Stichweh, R. (2020). An diesem Imperativ kann die Politik scheitern. Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, April 7. Retrieved from https://www.faz.net/aktuell/feuilleton/debatten/an-diesem-imperativ-kann-die-politik-scheitern-16714610.html
Urbinati, N. (2020). Un patto tra politica e scienza. La Repubblica, April 3. Retrieved from https://rep.repubblica.it/pwa/commento/2020/04/03/news/coronavirus_epidemia_ covid-19_la_politca_e_la_scienza-253051310/
Valentino-DeVries, J., Lu, D., & Dance, G.J.X. (2020). Location Data Says It All: Staying at Home During Coronavirus Is a Luxury. The New York Times, April 3. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/04/03/us/coronavirus-stay-home-rich-poor.html?searchResultPosition=1
Waltz, E. (2020). Halting COVID-19: The Benefits and Risks of Digital Contact Tracing. IEEE Spectrum, March 25. Retrieved from https://spectrum.ieee.org/the-human-os/biomedical/ethics/halting-covid19-benefits-risks-digital-contact-tracing
Zoglin, R. (2020). Welcome to the Skype Pandemic. The New York Times, April 23. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/23/opinion/skype-coronavirus-news.html
Zuboff, S. (2019). The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power. Profile Books.
Baecker, D. (2020). Corona I: Die pulsierende Gesellschaft [Blog post]. Kultur/Reflexion, March 27. Retrieved from https://kure.hypotheses.org/839
Bechmann, G., & Hronszky, I. (2003). Expertise and Its Interfaces: The Tense Relationship of Science and Politics. Sigma.
Bilefsky, D., & Yeginsu, C. (2020). Of “Covidivorces” and “Coronababies”?: Life During a Lockdown. The New York Times, March 27. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/27/world/coronavirus-lockdown-relationships.html
Blow, C.M. (2020). Social Distancing Is a Privilege. The New York Times, April 5. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/05/opinion/coronavirus-social-distanc-ing.html
Boccardelli: (2020). Perché le catene produttive torneranno in patria. La Repubblica - Affari & Finanza, April 6: 17–18.
Bourdieu, P., Passeron, J.C., & Chamboredon, J.C. (1968). Le métier de sociologue. Mouton de Gruyter.
Buchanan, L., Patel, J.K., Rosenthal, B.M., & Singhvi, A. (2020). A Month of Coronavirus in New York City: See the Hardest-Hit Areas. The New York Times, April 1. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/04/01/nyregion/nyc-coronavirus-cases-map.html
Butler, J. (2020). Capitalism Has its Limits [Blog post]. Verso, 30 March. Retrieved from https://www.versobooks.com/blogs/4603-capitalism-has-its-limits
Canca, C. (2020). Why “Mandatory Privacy-Preserving Digital Contact Tracing” is the Ethical Measure against COVID-19 [Blog post]. Medium, April 10. Retrieved from https://medium.com/@cansuCanca/why-mandatory-privacy-preserving-digital-contact-tracing-is-the-ethical-measure-against-covid-19-a0d143b7c3b6
Coombs, N. (2020). What do Stress Tests Test? Experimentation, Demonstration, and the Sociotechnical Performance of Regulatory Science. The British Journal of Sociology 71(3), 520–536. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-4446.12739
Corsi, G., & Martini, S.R. (2018). L’ambiguità dei diritti costituzionali. Il caso della judiciali-zação da saúde in Brasile. Sociologia del diritto, 3, 29–44. https://doi.org/10.3280/SD2018-003002
Davies, W. (2020). The Last Global Crisis Didn’t Change the World. But This One Could. The Guardian, March 24. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/mar/24/coronavirus-crisis-change-world-financial-global-capitalism
Dipollina, A. (2020). Il più grande palisesto è su Instagram. La Repubblica, March 26. Retrieved from https://rep.repubblica.it/pwa/generale/2020/03/26/news/il_piu_grande_ palinsesto_e_su_instragram-252413633/
Durkheim, É. (1960). De la division du travail social (7th ed.). Presses Universitaires de France (Original work published 1893).
Eyal, G. (2019). The Crisis of Expertise. Polity Press.
Farrell, H., & Newman, A. (2020). Will the Coronavirus End Globalization as We Know It. Foreign Affairs, March 16. Retrieved from https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/2020-03-16/will-coronavirus-end-globalization-we-know-it
Fontana, S. (2020). Storia minima di 40 anni di tagli alla sanità italiana. Wired, March 12. Retrieved from https://www.wired.it/attualita/politica/2020/03/12/tagli-sanita-italia-storia/?refresh_ce=
Fraioli, L. (2020). I 100 giorni che sconvolsero il mondo. La Repubblica, April 9. Retrieved from https://rep.repubblica.it/pwa/generale/2020/04/09/news/coronavirus_100_giorni_svolta_radicale-253607549/
Friedman, T.L. (2020). Our New Historical Divide: B.C. and A.C. The World Before Corona and the World After. The New York Times, March 17. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/17/opinion/coronavirus-trends.html
Frum, D. (2020). The Coronavirus Is Demonstrating the Value of Globalization. The Atlantic, March 27. Retrieved from https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/03/dont-abandon-globalizationmake-it-better/608872/
Gelfand, M. (2020). To Survive the Coronavirus, the United States Must Tighten Up. The Boston Globe, March 13. Retrieved from https://www.bostonglobe.com/2020/03/13/opinion/survive-coronavirus-united-states-must-tighten-up/
Gopnik, A. (2020). The Coronavirus and the Importance of Giving Science the Time it Needs. The New Yorker, March 25. Retrieved from https://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/the-coronavirus-and-the-importance-of-giving-science-the-time-it-needs
Horowitz, J. (2020). In Italy, Going Back to Work May Depend on Having the Right Anti-bodies. The New York Times, April 4. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/04/world/europe/italy-coronavirus-antibodies.html
Jones, O. (2020). Coronavirus Is Not Some Great Leveller: It Is Exacerbating Inequality Right Now. The Guardian, April 9. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/apr/09/coronavirus-inequality-managers-zoom-cleaners-offices
Jones, B., & Montale, F. (2020). Italy is Sending Another Warning. The New York Times, April 7. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/07/opinion/italy-coronavirus-naples.html
Larsen, S.E. (2006). The Lisbon Earthquake and the Scientific Turn in Kant’s Philosophy. European Review 14(3), 359–367. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1062798706000366
Latour, B. (1987). Science in Action. How to Follow Scientists and Engineers through Society. Harvard University Press.
Legrain: (2020). The Coronavirus Is Killing Globalization as We Know it. Foreign Policy, March 12. Retrieved from https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/03/12/coronavirus-killing-globalization-nationalism-protectionism-trump/
Lichfield, G. (2020). We’re Not Going Back to Normal. MIT Technology Review, March 17. Retrieved from https://www.technologyreview.com/s/615370/coronavirus-pandemic-so-cial-distancing-18-months/
Lipsitch, M. (2020). Who Is Immune to the Coronavirus? The New York Times, April 13. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/13/opinion/coronavirus-immuni-ty.html
Luhmann, N. (1984). Soziale Systeme. Suhrkamp.
Luhmann, N. (1990). Der medizinische Code. In: Soziologische Aufklärung 5: Konstruktivistische Perspektiven (pp. 183–195). Opladen: Westdeutscher.
Luhmann, N. (1991). Soziologie des Risikos. De Gruyter.
Luhmann, N. (1992). Beobachtungen der Moderne. Westdeutscher.
Luhmann, N. (1997). Die Gesellschaft der Gesellschaft. Suhrkamp.
Luhmann, N. (2000). Organisation und Entscheidung. Westdeutscher.
Markoff, J. (2020). You Can’t Spell Creative Without A.I. The New York Times, April 8. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/08/technology/ai-creative-software-language.html
Mayhew, F. (2020). News Publishers Hit New Online Records with Coronavirus Coverage. PressGazette, April 7. Retrieved from https://www.pressgazette.co.uk/ft-and-reach-titles-hit-new-online-records-with-coronavirus-coverage/
McCoy, D. (2020). Scientists Can Model This Pandemic, but Politicians Must Take the Decisions. The Guardian, April 10. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/apr/10/modelling-pandemic-politicians-decisions-science
Miller, C. (2020). What Was the Last Time an Economy Froze Like This? Lessons for today from the collapse of the Soviet Union. The New York Times, April 9. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/09/opinion/coronavirus-global-economy.html
Mozur, P., Zhong, R., & Krolik, A. (2020). In Coronavirus Fight, China Gives Citizens a Color Code, With Red Flags. The New York Times, March 1. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/01/business/china-coronavirus-surveillance.html
Nancy, J.-L. (2020). A Much Too Human Virus. European Journal of Psychoanalysis, March. Retrieved from https://www.journal-psychoanalysis.eu/coronavirus-and-philosophers/
Nicas, J., & Wakabayashi, D. (2020). Apple and Google Team Up to “Contact Trace” the Coronavirus. The New York Times, April 16. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/10/technology/apple-google-coronavirus-contact-tracing.html
Olivarius, K. (2019). Immunity, Capital, and Power in Antebellum New Orleans. The American Historical Review 124(2), 425–455. https://doi.org/10.1093/ahr/rhz176
Parsons, T. (1977). Social Systems and the Evolution of Action Theory. Free Press.
Perednia, D.A. (2020). How Medical “Chickenpox Parties” Could Turn The Tide Of The Wuhan Virus. The Federalist, March 25. Retrieved from https://thefederalist.com/2020/03/25/how-medical-chickenpox-parties-could-turn-the-tide-of-the-wuhan-virus/
Recke, M. (2020). Globalisation and the Coronavirus Crisis [Blog post]. Next. Retrieved from https://nextconf.eu/2020/02/globalisation-and-the-coronavirus-crisis/#gref
Roberts, A. (2020). How Globalization Came to the Brink of Collapse. Barron’s, April 2. Retrieved from https://www.barrons.com/articles/how-globalization-came-to-the-brink-of-collapse-51585865909
Roberts, S. (2020). Embracing the Uncertainties. The New York Times, April 7. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/07/science/coronavirus-uncertainty-scientific-trust.html
Scheidel, W. (2018). The Great Leveler: Violence and the History of Inequality from the Stone Age to the Twenty-First Century. Princeton University Press.
Scholz, V. (2020). Feiern bis der Arzt kommt. Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, March 19. Retrieved from https://www.faz.net/aktuell/gesellschaft/gesundheit/coronavirus/virologe-warnt-vor-corona-partys-feiern-trotz-pandemie-16685265.html
Sharma, R. (2020). Some Countries Face an Awful Question: Death by Coronavirus or by Hunger? The New York Times, April 12. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/12/opinion/coronavirus-poverty.html
Stark, D. (2014). On Resilience. Social Sciences 3(1), 60–70. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci3010060
Stark, D. (2020). Testing and Being Tested in Pandemic Times. Sociologica 14(1), 67–94. https://doi.org/10.6092/issn.1971-8853/10931
Stichweh, R. (2020). An diesem Imperativ kann die Politik scheitern. Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, April 7. Retrieved from https://www.faz.net/aktuell/feuilleton/debatten/an-diesem-imperativ-kann-die-politik-scheitern-16714610.html
Urbinati, N. (2020). Un patto tra politica e scienza. La Repubblica, April 3. Retrieved from https://rep.repubblica.it/pwa/commento/2020/04/03/news/coronavirus_epidemia_ covid-19_la_politca_e_la_scienza-253051310/
Valentino-DeVries, J., Lu, D., & Dance, G.J.X. (2020). Location Data Says It All: Staying at Home During Coronavirus Is a Luxury. The New York Times, April 3. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/04/03/us/coronavirus-stay-home-rich-poor.html?searchResultPosition=1
Waltz, E. (2020). Halting COVID-19: The Benefits and Risks of Digital Contact Tracing. IEEE Spectrum, March 25. Retrieved from https://spectrum.ieee.org/the-human-os/biomedical/ethics/halting-covid19-benefits-risks-digital-contact-tracing
Zoglin, R. (2020). Welcome to the Skype Pandemic. The New York Times, April 23. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/23/opinion/skype-coronavirus-news.html
Zuboff, S. (2019). The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power. Profile Books.
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