The relationship between the patent and development: A view from chilean academic R&D
Authors
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Sulan Wong, Dra.
Universidad de la Frontera
http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1684-0285
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Julio Rojas-Mora, Dr.
Universidad Católica de Temuco
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0268-8748
Abstract
By declaring that Sustainable Development Goal 9 activates others of the seventeen goals adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 2015 on this regard, the World Intellectual Property Organization encourages governments to promote the relationship between the university and industry as the primary producers of patentable research results. Based on data collected between 2017-2018 in the seven universities that patent the most in Chile, we find that, first, there are relationships between the interviewees and the industry; second, most of the interviewees have patented; third, these patents do not arise from industry-university projects; and fourth, patenting is not perceived as a fundamental activity for development. Therefore, the Chilean R&D production model appears linear rather than triple helix.Keywords:
Patent, R&D, development, linear innovation model, triple helix innovation modelReferences
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Arrow, Kenneth Joseph (1962). «Economic welfare and the allocation of resources for invention». En Charles K. Rowley (editor), The rate and direction of inventive activity: economic and social factors (pp. 609-626). National Bureau of Economic Research. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Asociación Chilena de Empresas de Tecnologías de Información (2017). «Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología: ¿qué se espera la nueva institucionalidad?».
Barge Gil, Andrés, Aurelia Modrego Rico y Lluís Santamaría Sánchez (2006). El proceso de transferencia tecnológica universidad-empresa. Barcelona: Fundaciò Empresa i Ciéncia.
Bekkers, Rudi e Isabel Maria Bodas Freitas (2008). «Analysing knowledge transfer channels between universities and industry: To what degree do sectors also matter?» Research Policy, 37 (10): 1.837-1.853. DOI: 10.1016/j.respol.2008.07.007.
Boardman, P. Craig (2008). «Beyond the stars: The impact of affiliation with university biotechnology centers on the industrial involvement of university scientists». Technovation, 28 (5): 291-297. DOI: 10.1016/j.technovation.2007.06.001.
—. (2009). «Government centrality to university-industry interactions: University research centers and the industry involvement of academic researchers». Research Policy, 38 (10): 1.505-1.516. DOI: 10.1016/j.respol.2009.09.008.
Boardman, P. Craig y Elizabeth A. Corley (2008). «University research centers and the composition of research collaborations». Research Policy, 35 (5): 900-913. DOI: 10.1016/j.respol.2008.01.012.
Boardman, P. Craig y Branco Ponomariov (2009). «University researchers working with private companies». Technovation, 29 (2): 142-153. DOI: 10.1016/j.technovation.2008.03.008.
Bradley, Samantha R., Christopher S. Hayter y Albert N. Link (2013). «Models and Methods of University Technology Transfer». Foundations and Trends in Entrepreneurship, 9 (6): 571-650. DOI: 10.1561/0300000048.
Brem, Alexander y Agnieszka Radziwon (2017). «Efficient triple helix collaboration fostering local niche innovation projects–a case from Denmark». Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 123: 130-141. DOI: 10.1016/j.techfore.2017.01.002.
Carayannis, Elias G., Evangelos Grigoroudis, David F. Campbell, Dirk Meissner y Dimitra Stamati (2018). «The ecosystem as helix: an exploratory theory‐building study of regional co‐opetitive entrepreneurial ecosystems as quadruple/quintuple helix innovation models». R&D Management, 48 (1): 148-162. DOI: 10.1111/radm.12300.
Etzkowitz, Henry y Loet Leydesdorff (2000). «The dynamics of innovation: from national systems and “mode 2” to a triple helix of university-industry-government relations». Research Policy, 29 (2): 109-123. DOI: 10.1016/S0048-7333(99)00055-4.
Farinha, Luís, João Ferreira, y Borges Gouveia (2016). «Networks of innovation and competitiveness: A triple helix case study». Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 7 (1): 259-275. DOI: 10.1007/s13132-014-0218-3.
Godin, Benoît (2006). «The linear model of innovation: The historical construction of an analytical framework». Science, Technology & Human Values, 31 (6): 639-667. DOI: 10.1177/0162243906291865.
Godin, Benoît y Yves Gingras (2000). «Impact of collaborative research on academic science». Science and Public Policy, 27: 65-73. DOI: 10.3152/147154300781782147.
Grimpe, Christoph y Heide Fier (2009). «Informal university technology transfer: a comparison between the United States and Germany». The Journal of Technology Transfer, 35 (6): 637-650. DOI: 10.1007/s10961-009-9140-4.
Haeussler, Carolin y Jeannette A. Colyvas (2011). «Breaking the ivory tower: Academic entrepreneurship in the life sciences in UK and Germany». Research Policy, 40 (1): 41-54. DOI: 10.1016/j.respol.2010.09.012.
Hayter, Christopher S. (2016). «A social responsibility view of the patent-centric linear model of university technology transfer». Duquesne Law Review, 54: 7-52. Disponible en https://bit.ly/31rdFJH.
Klofsten, Magnus y Dylan Jones-Evans (2000). «Comparing academic entrepreneurship in Europe-the case of Sweden and Ireland». Small Business Economics, 14 (4): 299-309. DOI: 10.1023/A:1008184601282.
Kruss, Glenda y Mariette Visser (2017). «Putting university–industry interaction into perspective: A differentiated view from inside south african universities». The Journal of Technology Transfer, 42 (4): 884-908. DOI: 10.1007/s10961-016-9548-6.
Leyden, Dennis Patrick y Albert N. Link (2015). Public sector entrepreneurship: US technology and innovation policy. Nueva York: Oxford University Press.
Leyden, Dennis Patrick y Matthias Menter (2018). «The legacy and promise of Vannevar Bush: Rethinking the model of innovation and the role of public policy». Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 27 (3): 225-242. DOI: 10.1080/10438599.2017.1329189.
Martinelli, Arianna, Martin Meyer y Nick von Tunzelmann (2008). «Becoming an entrepreneurial university? A case study of knowledge exchange relationships and faculty attitudes in a medium-sized, research-oriented university». The Journal of Technology Transfer, 33 (3): 259-283. DOI: 10.1007/s10961-007-9031-5.
Murray, Fiona y Scott Stern (2007). «When ideas are not free: The impact of patents on scientific research». En Josh Lerner y Scott Stern (editores), Innovation Policy and the Economy, vol. 7 (pp. 648-687). Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.
ONU, Organización de las Naciones Unidas (2015). «Objetivos de desarrollo sostenible».
OCDE, Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos (2002). Manual de Frascati: Propuesta para la norma práctica para encuestas de investigación y desarrollo experimental.
Unesco, Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura (1978). «Recomendación sobre la normalización internacional de las estadísticas relativas a la ciencia y la tecnología».
OMPI, Organización Mundial de la Propiedad Intelectual (2018). «La innovación impulsa el progreso: La OMPI y los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible».
Ponomariov, Branco y P. Craig Boardman (2008). «The effect of informal industry contacts on the time university scientists allocate to collaborative research with industry». The Journal of Technology Transfer, 33 (3): 301-313. DOI: 10.1007/s10961-007-9029-z.
Ponomariov, Branco (2008). «Effects of university characteristics on scientists interactions with the private sector: An exploratory assessment». The Journal of Technology Transfer, 33 (5): 485-503. DOI: 10.1007/s10961-007-9047-x.
Renault, Catherine Searle (2006). «Academic capitalism and university incentives for faculty entrepreneurship». The Journal of Technology Transfer, 31 (2): 227-239. DOI: 10.1007/s10961-005-6108-x.
Sachs, Jeffrey D. y Walter V. Reid (2006). «Environment - Investments toward sustainable development». Science, 312 (5.776): 1.002. DOI: 10.1126/science.1124822.
SII, Servicio de Impuestos Internos (2016). «Oficio 1706. Régimen Tributario de Científicos, Innovadores e Investigadores Internacionales».
Siegel, Donald S., David A. Waldman, Leanne E. Atwater y Albert N. Link (2004). «Toward a model of the effective transfer of scientific knowledge from academicians to practitioners: Qualitative evidence from the commercialization of university technologies». Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, 21 (1-2): 115-142. DOI: 10.1016/j.jengtecman.2003.12.006.
Stiglitz, Joseph E. (1999). «Knowledge as a global public good». En Inge Kaul, Isabelle Grunberg y Marc Stein (editors), Global Public Goods: International Cooperation in the 21st Century, (pp. 308-25). New York: Oxford University Press.
Thursby, Jerry G., Richard Jensen y Marie C. Thursby (2001). «Objectives, characteristics and outcomes of university licensing: A survey of major US universities». The Journal of Technology Transfer, 26 (1-2): 59-72. DOI: 10.1023/A:1007884111883.
Van Overwalle, Geertrui (2006). «Reconciling patent policies with the university mission». Ethical Perspectives, 13 (2): 231-247. DOI: 10.2143/EP.13.2.2016632.
Wong, Sulan, Joan Ramos-Toledano y Julio Rojas-Mora (2018) «Sobre la in-compatibilidad de la ciencia abierta con la novedad como estándar de patentabilidad». Jurídicas, 15 (2): 88-103. DOI: 10.17151/jurid.2018.15.2.6.
Yoda, Noriko y Kenichi Kuwashima (2020). «Triple helix of university–industry–government relations in Japan: Transitions of collaborations and interactions». Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 11 (3): 1.120-1.144. DOI: 10.1007/s13132-019-00595-3.
Yu, Peter K. (2016). «Five decades of intellectual property and global development». The WIPO Journal, 8 (1): 1-10. Disponible en https://bit.ly/3pouBJb.
Ziman, John (2002). Real science: What it is and what it means. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
