A bibliometric analysis of research on surrogacy: Current trends and gaps between international law and new technology
Authors
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Waldimeiry Correa da Silva, PhD.
Universidad de Sevilla
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1863-8454
Abstract
Surrogacy or surrogate motherhood is a global phenomenon that has been on the rise since the 1980s. Academic research on surrogacy has adapted to the emerging challenges of this practice by becoming vast and highly multidisciplinary. To orient future research, we employ a bibliometric analysis to make a radiograph of past and current trends in the surrogacy literature. Our results indicate that (1) despite surrogacy being a global market, perspectives from economics and international law are being neglected; (2) research is not addressing the most concerning issues for policy, such as exploitation or human trafficking and the impact of technologies for the protection of the rights of the parties involved; and (3) surrogacy literature output is largely clustered in a handful of Western countries. Taken together, these results point to a huge gap between research and policy. Future research should address these neglected issues to better inform policy makers and the impact of technology on the law.Keywords:
Surrogacy, human rights, reproductive tourism, bibliometric analysis, technology on the lawReferences
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Beeson, Diane, Marcy Darnovsky and Abby Lippman (2015). “What’s in a name? Variations in terminology of third-party reproduction.” Reproductive BioMedicine Online, 31 (6), 805-814.
Cahill, Lisa Sowle (1988). “The ethics of surrogate motherhood: biology, freedom, and moral obligation”. Law, Med. and Health Care, 16 (1-2): 65-71.
Correa da Silva, W. (2021); “The New Brazilian Anti-Trafficking Law: Challenges and Opportunities To Cover The Normative Lack”. Revista de Direito Internacional, 18 (1): 242-268.
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Farley, Melissa (2018). “Prostitution, Liberalism, and Slavery”. Logos, 12 (3): 370-387.
Gonzalez, Juan, Ignacio Garijo y Alfonso Sanchez (2020). “Organ Trafficking and Migration: A Bibliometric Analysis of an Untold Story”. IJERPH, 17 (9): 3204.
Gostin, Lary (1990). Surrogate Motherhood: politics and privacy. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Hague Conference on Private International Law (HCCH) (2014). The desirability and feasability of further work on the Parentage. Surrogacy Project. Prel. Doc. 3B. The Hague, Netherlands.
Hague Conference on Private International Law (HCCH) (2015). The Parentage. Surrogacy Project: An updating note. Prel. Doc. 3A. The Hague, Netherlands.
Hatzis, Aristides N. (2003). “Just the oven: a law and economics approach to gestational surrogacy contracts”. En Katharina Boele-Woelki (ed.), Perspective for the Unification or Harmonisation of Family Law in Europe. Antwerp: Intersentia.
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Ketchum, Sara (1989). “Selling Babies and Selling Bodies”. Hypatia, 4 (3): 116-127.
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Lasker, Shamima Parvin (2018). “Surrogacy around the world”. Bangl. J. Bioethics, 8 (3): 1-2.
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Rothman, Barbara Katz (2011). “On Markens”. Sociol. Forum, 26 (1): 201-205.
Steinbock, Bonnie (1988). “Surrogate Motherhood as Prenatal Adoption”. Law, Med. and Health Care, 16(1-2): 44-50.
Sweileh, Waleed M. (2018). “Research trends on human trafficking: A bibliometric analysis using Scopus database”. Globalization and Health, 14: 1-12.
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Van Eck, Nees Jan and Ludo Waltman (2010). “Software survey: VOSviewer, a computer program for bibliometric mapping.” Scientometrics, 84 (2): 523-538.
Virani, Altaf, Adam M. Wellstead and Michael Howlett (2020). “Where is the policy? A bibliometric analysis of the state of policy research on medical tourism”. Global Health Research and Policy, 5 (19).
Vitale, Aldo Rocco (2017). “Unified Opposition to Surrogacy: Comparing Feminist and Catholic Views”. The National Catholic Bioethics Quarterly, 17 (4): 623-630.
Warnock, Mary (1985). Question of Life: The Warnock Report on Human Fertilisation and Embryology. New York: Wiley-Blackwell.
Beeson, Diane, Marcy Darnovsky and Abby Lippman (2015). “What’s in a name? Variations in terminology of third-party reproduction.” Reproductive BioMedicine Online, 31 (6), 805-814.
Cahill, Lisa Sowle (1988). “The ethics of surrogate motherhood: biology, freedom, and moral obligation”. Law, Med. and Health Care, 16 (1-2): 65-71.
Correa da Silva, W. (2021); “The New Brazilian Anti-Trafficking Law: Challenges and Opportunities To Cover The Normative Lack”. Revista de Direito Internacional, 18 (1): 242-268.
Dworkin, Andrea (1983). Right-Wing Women. Toronto: General Publishing.
Emakunde (2018). ¿Gestación subrogada o vientre de alquiler? Informe final. Donosti: Emakunde.
Farley, Melissa (2018). “Prostitution, Liberalism, and Slavery”. Logos, 12 (3): 370-387.
Gonzalez, Juan, Ignacio Garijo y Alfonso Sanchez (2020). “Organ Trafficking and Migration: A Bibliometric Analysis of an Untold Story”. IJERPH, 17 (9): 3204.
Gostin, Lary (1990). Surrogate Motherhood: politics and privacy. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Hague Conference on Private International Law (HCCH) (2014). The desirability and feasability of further work on the Parentage. Surrogacy Project. Prel. Doc. 3B. The Hague, Netherlands.
Hague Conference on Private International Law (HCCH) (2015). The Parentage. Surrogacy Project: An updating note. Prel. Doc. 3A. The Hague, Netherlands.
Hatzis, Aristides N. (2003). “Just the oven: a law and economics approach to gestational surrogacy contracts”. En Katharina Boele-Woelki (ed.), Perspective for the Unification or Harmonisation of Family Law in Europe. Antwerp: Intersentia.
Inhorn, Marcia C. y Pasquale Patrizio (2009). “Rethinking reproductive “tourism” as reproductive exile”. Fertility and Sterility, 92 (3): 904-906.
Ketchum, Sara (1989). “Selling Babies and Selling Bodies”. Hypatia, 4 (3): 116-127.
Lamm, Eleonora (2013). Gestación por sustitución. Ni maternidad subrogada ni alquiler de vientres. Barcelona: Ed. Universitat Barcelona.
Lasker, Shamima Parvin (2018). “Surrogacy around the world”. Bangl. J. Bioethics, 8 (3): 1-2.
Macklin, Ruth (1988). “Is There Anything Wrong with Surrogate Motherhood? An Ethical Analysis”. Law, Med. and Health Care, 16 (1-2): 57-64.
Matorras, Roberto (2005). “¿Turismo reproductivo o exilio reproductivo?” Revista Iberoamericana de Fertilidad, 22 (2): 85.
Mohapatra, Seema (2012). “Stateless Babies & Adoption Scams: A Bioethical Analysis of International Commercial Surrogacy”. Berkeley Journal International Law, 30: 412-450.
Palattiyil, George et al. (2010). “Globalization and cross-border reproductive services: Ethical implications of surrogacy in India for social work”. International SocialWork, 53 (5): 686-700.
Pande, Amrita (2010). “Commercial surrogacy in India: Manufacturing a perfect mother-worker”. Signs, 35 (4): 969-992.
Pennings, Guido et al. (2008). “ESHRE Task Force on Ethics and Law 15: Cross-border reproductive care”. Human Reproducdution, 23 (10): 2182-2184.
Patel, Nayana Hitesh et al. (2018). “Insight into Different Aspects of Surrogacy Practices”. Journal of Human Reproductive, 11 (3): 212-218.
Puleo Garcia, Alicia H. (2017). “Nuevas formas de desigualdad en el mundo globalizado. El alquiler de úteros como extractivismo”. Revista Europea de Derechos Fundamentales, 29: 165-184.
Quijano, Anibal (1999). “Colonialidad del poder, cultura y conocimiento en América Latina”. Dispositio, 24 (51): 137-148.
Redondo, Filipa et al. (2017). “Surrogacy: A clash of competing rights”. European Judicial Training Network, Brussels.
Rigon, Amalia and Celine Chateau (2016). “Regulating International Surrogacy Arrangements – state of Play”. Policy Department C: Citizens’ Rights and Constitutional Affairs, Brussels: European Parliament.
Robertson, John A. (1988). “Procreative Liberty and the State’s Burden of Proof in Regulating Noncoital Reproduction”. Law, Med. And Health Care, 16 (1-2): 18.
Rothman, Barbara Katz (2011). “On Markens”. Sociol. Forum, 26 (1): 201-205.
Steinbock, Bonnie (1988). “Surrogate Motherhood as Prenatal Adoption”. Law, Med. and Health Care, 16(1-2): 44-50.
Sweileh, Waleed M. (2018). “Research trends on human trafficking: A bibliometric analysis using Scopus database”. Globalization and Health, 14: 1-12.
Thomson Reuters (2008). Using bibliometrics: A Guide to Evaluating Research Performance with Citation Data. Available at https://bit.ly/3eFqL9M.
United Nations (1989). Convention on the Rights of the Child. Assembly resolution 44/25. United New York: Nations General Assembly.
Van Eck, Nees Jan and Ludo Waltman (2010). “Software survey: VOSviewer, a computer program for bibliometric mapping.” Scientometrics, 84 (2): 523-538.
Virani, Altaf, Adam M. Wellstead and Michael Howlett (2020). “Where is the policy? A bibliometric analysis of the state of policy research on medical tourism”. Global Health Research and Policy, 5 (19).
Vitale, Aldo Rocco (2017). “Unified Opposition to Surrogacy: Comparing Feminist and Catholic Views”. The National Catholic Bioethics Quarterly, 17 (4): 623-630.
Warnock, Mary (1985). Question of Life: The Warnock Report on Human Fertilisation and Embryology. New York: Wiley-Blackwell.
