Origens do Fair Use
Resumo
O modelo norte-americano do fair use, com sua configuração flexível e como válvula de equilíbrio regulamentar para o copyright, tem demostrado estar à altura dos desafios involvidos no avanço tecnológico, permitindo que o sistema regulatório do copyright tenha uma maior adaptabilidade e com isso, que o fluxo econômico e cultural associado a estos novos contextos tecnológicos torna-se em um benefício para a sociedade. Em este cenário, o direito autoral tem reforçado progressivamente seu âmbito, sancionando com dureza crescente as infrações a sua regulamentação, o que tem causado atritos profundos entre o avanço das mudanças tecnológicas e os regimes regulatórios que os regulam. A conseqüência mais direta desta inflação do copyright tem sido o constante declínio do âmbito das excepções e limitações ao direito autoral, causando um desequilíbrio importante em sua regulamentação, resultando em respostas ineficientes ou obstrutivas para o interesse público e privado. A história do copyright norte-americano, e particularmente a gestação do fair use, a partir de suas raízes na jurisprudência e doutrina britânica pré-moderna até nossos días, oferece elementos interessantes de análise para uma compreensão completa da atual crise do copyright e também da antecedentes que apontam à conveniência da incorporação de um mecanismo garantidor como o fair use em nosso país, para enfrentar este contexto de excessivo controle autoral.Palavras-chave:
Fair use, fair use abridgment, direito autoral, excepções e limitações, originalidadeReferências
Álvarez, Daniel (2011). En busca de equilibrios regulatorios: Chile y las recientes reformas al derecho de autor. International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development (ICTSD), Documento de Política 12. Disponible en <http://ictsd.org/downloads/2011/12/en-busca-de-equilibrios-regulatorios-chile-y-las-recientes-reformas-al-derecho-de-autor.pdf>.
Band, Jonathan y Jonathan Gerafi (2013). The fair use/fair dealing handbook. Policybandwidth. Disponible en <http://infojustice.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/band-and-gerafi-2013.pdf>.
Beebe, Barton (2008). «An empirical study of U.S. copyright fair use opinions, 1978-2005». Pennsylvania Law Review, 156.
Bently, Lionel y Martin Kretschmer (eds.) (2013). Primary sources on copyright (1450-1900). Disponible en <http://www.copyrighthistory.org>.
Bracha, Oren (2009). «The ideology of autorship revisited: Authors, markets and liberal values in early american copyright». Yale Law Journal, 118. Disponible en <http://www.yalelawjournal.org/the-yale-law-journal/article/the-ideology-of-authorship-revisited:-authors,-markets,-and-liberal-values-in-early-american-copyright/>.
Computer and Communication Industry Association (2010). Fair use in U.S. economy. Economic contribution of industries relyin on fair use. Disponible en <http.//www.wired.com/images_blogs/threatlevel/2010/04/fairuseeconomy.pdf>.
Deazley, Ronan (2004). On the origin of the right to copy: Charting the movement of copyright law in eighteenth-century britain (1695-1775). Portland: Hart Publishing.
Defoe, Daniel (1704). «An essay on the regulation of the press». Disponible en <http://www.copyrighthistory.org/cgibin/kleioc/0010/exec/ausgabeCom/%22uk_1704%22>.
Feather, John (1988). A history of british publishing. Londres: Routledge.
Flynn, Sean M. y Brook Baker (2012). «The U.S. proposal for an intellectual property chapter in the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement». American University International Law Review, 28 (1). Disponible en <http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2185402>.
Gomez-Aróstegui, Tomás (2010). «The untold story of the first copyright suit under the Statute of Anne in 1710». Berkeley Technology Law Journal, 25 (3). Disponible en <http://btlj.org/data/articles/25_3/1247-1350%20Gomez-Arostegui%20051811.pdf>.
Gordon, Wendy (1982). «Fair use as market failure: A structural and economic analysis of the Betamax case and its predecessors». Columbia Law Review, 82. Disponible en <http://www.detritus.net/rhizome/legal/Gordon-Fair_Use.html>.
Hargreaves, Ian (2011). Digital opportunity. A review of intellectual property and growth. Independent report. Disponible en <http://www.ipo.gov.uk/ipreview-finalreport.pdf>.
Heins, Marjorie y Tricia Beckles (2003). Will fair use survive? Free expresión in the age of copyright control. Brennan Center for Justice, NYU School of Law. Disponible en <http://www.fepproject.org>.
Hugenholtz, P. Bernt y Martin R. F. Senftleben (2011). Fair use in Europe. In search of flexibilities. Ámsterdam: Vrije Universiteit. Disponible en <http://www.ivir.nl/publications/hugenholtz/Fair%20Use%20Report%20PUB.pdf>.
Ibañez, Carolina (2013). Fair use como modelo de flexibilización del derecho de autor. Memoria para optar al grado de Licenciado en Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales, Facultad de Derecho, Universidad de Chile.
Leval, Pierre N. (1990). «Toward a fair use standard». Harvard Law Review, 103.
Patterson, L. Ray (1998). «Folsom v. Marsh and its legacy». Journal of Intellectual Property Law, 5 (2).
Patterson, L. Ray y Stanley W. Lindberg (1991). The nature of copyright: A law of user’s right’s. Athens: University of Georgia Press.
Sag, Matthew (2011). «The Prehistory of Fair Use». Brooklyn Law Review, 76 (4). Disponible en <http://ssrn.com/abstract=1663366>.
Sag, Matthew (2012). Predicting fair use. Loyola University Chicago Law School. Public Law & Legal Theory Research Paper 2012-05. Disponible en <http://ssrn.com/abstract=1769130>.
Samuelson, Pamela (2006). «The Generativity of Sony v. Universal: The intellectual property legacy of Justice Stevens». Fordhamn Law Review, 74, Berkeley Center for Law and Technology. Disponible en <http://people.ischool.berkeley.edu/~pam/papers/Sony%20legacy%20FLR.pdf>.
Samuelson, Pamela (2009). «Unbundling fair uses». Fordhamn Law Review, 77. Disponible en <http://law2.fordham.edu/publications/articles/500flspub17887.pdf>.
Sánchez, María Trinidad (2004). Derechos de autor, digitalización e Internet. Madrid: Universitas.
Smiers, Joost y Marieke van Schijndel (2008). Imagine no copyright. Barcelona: Gedisa.
Standler, Ronald B. (2009). «Fair use: No excuse for wholesale copyright infringment in the USA». Disponible en <http://www.rbs2.com/unfair.pdf>.
Band, Jonathan y Jonathan Gerafi (2013). The fair use/fair dealing handbook. Policybandwidth. Disponible en <http://infojustice.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/band-and-gerafi-2013.pdf>.
Beebe, Barton (2008). «An empirical study of U.S. copyright fair use opinions, 1978-2005». Pennsylvania Law Review, 156.
Bently, Lionel y Martin Kretschmer (eds.) (2013). Primary sources on copyright (1450-1900). Disponible en <http://www.copyrighthistory.org>.
Bracha, Oren (2009). «The ideology of autorship revisited: Authors, markets and liberal values in early american copyright». Yale Law Journal, 118. Disponible en <http://www.yalelawjournal.org/the-yale-law-journal/article/the-ideology-of-authorship-revisited:-authors,-markets,-and-liberal-values-in-early-american-copyright/>.
Computer and Communication Industry Association (2010). Fair use in U.S. economy. Economic contribution of industries relyin on fair use. Disponible en <http.//www.wired.com/images_blogs/threatlevel/2010/04/fairuseeconomy.pdf>.
Deazley, Ronan (2004). On the origin of the right to copy: Charting the movement of copyright law in eighteenth-century britain (1695-1775). Portland: Hart Publishing.
Defoe, Daniel (1704). «An essay on the regulation of the press». Disponible en <http://www.copyrighthistory.org/cgibin/kleioc/0010/exec/ausgabeCom/%22uk_1704%22>.
Feather, John (1988). A history of british publishing. Londres: Routledge.
Flynn, Sean M. y Brook Baker (2012). «The U.S. proposal for an intellectual property chapter in the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement». American University International Law Review, 28 (1). Disponible en <http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2185402>.
Gomez-Aróstegui, Tomás (2010). «The untold story of the first copyright suit under the Statute of Anne in 1710». Berkeley Technology Law Journal, 25 (3). Disponible en <http://btlj.org/data/articles/25_3/1247-1350%20Gomez-Arostegui%20051811.pdf>.
Gordon, Wendy (1982). «Fair use as market failure: A structural and economic analysis of the Betamax case and its predecessors». Columbia Law Review, 82. Disponible en <http://www.detritus.net/rhizome/legal/Gordon-Fair_Use.html>.
Hargreaves, Ian (2011). Digital opportunity. A review of intellectual property and growth. Independent report. Disponible en <http://www.ipo.gov.uk/ipreview-finalreport.pdf>.
Heins, Marjorie y Tricia Beckles (2003). Will fair use survive? Free expresión in the age of copyright control. Brennan Center for Justice, NYU School of Law. Disponible en <http://www.fepproject.org>.
Hugenholtz, P. Bernt y Martin R. F. Senftleben (2011). Fair use in Europe. In search of flexibilities. Ámsterdam: Vrije Universiteit. Disponible en <http://www.ivir.nl/publications/hugenholtz/Fair%20Use%20Report%20PUB.pdf>.
Ibañez, Carolina (2013). Fair use como modelo de flexibilización del derecho de autor. Memoria para optar al grado de Licenciado en Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales, Facultad de Derecho, Universidad de Chile.
Leval, Pierre N. (1990). «Toward a fair use standard». Harvard Law Review, 103.
Patterson, L. Ray (1998). «Folsom v. Marsh and its legacy». Journal of Intellectual Property Law, 5 (2).
Patterson, L. Ray y Stanley W. Lindberg (1991). The nature of copyright: A law of user’s right’s. Athens: University of Georgia Press.
Sag, Matthew (2011). «The Prehistory of Fair Use». Brooklyn Law Review, 76 (4). Disponible en <http://ssrn.com/abstract=1663366>.
Sag, Matthew (2012). Predicting fair use. Loyola University Chicago Law School. Public Law & Legal Theory Research Paper 2012-05. Disponible en <http://ssrn.com/abstract=1769130>.
Samuelson, Pamela (2006). «The Generativity of Sony v. Universal: The intellectual property legacy of Justice Stevens». Fordhamn Law Review, 74, Berkeley Center for Law and Technology. Disponible en <http://people.ischool.berkeley.edu/~pam/papers/Sony%20legacy%20FLR.pdf>.
Samuelson, Pamela (2009). «Unbundling fair uses». Fordhamn Law Review, 77. Disponible en <http://law2.fordham.edu/publications/articles/500flspub17887.pdf>.
Sánchez, María Trinidad (2004). Derechos de autor, digitalización e Internet. Madrid: Universitas.
Smiers, Joost y Marieke van Schijndel (2008). Imagine no copyright. Barcelona: Gedisa.
Standler, Ronald B. (2009). «Fair use: No excuse for wholesale copyright infringment in the USA». Disponible en <http://www.rbs2.com/unfair.pdf>.
